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 2007


:   
:  
:     
:     
   :  


 
ISBN : 978-954-91391-3-6
: 60/84
  11.5
: 300 


:

   .......................................................5

 ............................................................................7

- ...............................................................10

 
    

I.    ..........................................11
II.   , ,  ..........19
III.     ........................................27
IV.         ......................................................................36 
V.     ..................................41

 
 

I.        .................................................55
II.               ............70
III.    -        ...............................................78
IV.      ..............86

  
  

I.      -   .....................................................................92
II.         .........................................................................100
III.        ...............110
IV.     ..............................................118
V.    -...................................................127
VI.   "     ".........................132
VII. 15  -     ................137

 
 

I.            .....................................................140
II.      ...154
III.        ...171

-   .........175

-      ..................................................................177

Contents:


Chapter one 
ATTEMPS FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCHES 

I. Life standards for blindness
II. Loss of vision, self-valuation, psychological support
III. Blinds in the mirror of others
IV. Mental barriers at direct communication between blind and seeing persons
V. Social distance to the blind people

Chapter two 
BASIC REHABILITATION 

I. Elementary rehabilitation of people with late loss of sight with intellectual professions
II. Short rehabilitation courses in boarding-school conditions for people with poor vision at third age
III. Interaction of the Center for basic rehabilitation with state and other organizations and institutions
IV. International seminar for basic rehabilitation in Cemnitz

Chapter three 
ORIENTATION AND MOBILITY 

I. Training of mobility instructors - conditions and problems
II. Physical barriers for blind and hardly seeing people in surrounding area
III. One more time for advantages of long white cane
IV. Blind people also walk on ground
V. Guide-dogs in our country also
VI. Quarter of a centure "When you are with blind people"
VII. 15th October - an international day of the white cane

Chapter four 
PROFESSIONAL PREPARATION 

I. Bulgarian experience at training of people with poor vision in traditional crafts
II. Professional training of people with late loss of sight in Bulgaria
III. Professionla preparation of the school for blind in Scopie

BIOGRAPHIC REFERENCE ABOUT THE AUTHOR

 
 21            .  7              14          . 

                    "      "   "  ".                 ,   -    .            ". "    "  ".

      ,        ,    ( )           .             "    " (2000),   -    " " (2000),         . 

     ,              ,   .          ,  -    ,   -    .

  ,         -  ,             ,           ,  ,              ,          .        -        ,                       ,     -       . 
	
, 2006      

-  :
.. -   
 -   
 -  
 -    
 -    
 -  
 -       
 - - 
 -   
 -   
 -  
 -  
 -  
 -      
 -      
 -  
 -  
 -   
 -  
 -  
 -  
 -     
 - -  
 - -   
 -  
 -  
 -       
 -        
 -  
 

   



I.   
   
   


1.   ? 
  ,    ,          ,               -.    ,      ?    ?

       ,            ,  .         ,    , ,    . , . , .  .

          ,  , -           ,      .  ,                    .                           .  ,                    - -      , - ,     . 

2.    

       ,    ,        "", "", ""  (, 1986).  ,   ,   ,            .           ,      .            -    . -  ,     ,      . ,     ,    .   ,    . ,      "  ",      ,   ,    .

         , : "  .", "     "   : "     !", "     ..."          .

                       .  ,      ,        .   . . : "       ,               ".

  "  "               ,                 (, 1982) -    ,      ,     ..

   -               ,   ,   .  ,      ,      .

                  .  "  ,  ,  " ,    - - "  ,      ,      ",      ,   ,                  .

 ,         -.   ,       , /.  , 1982/     , ,     ,             , , ,    .            .

3.    

            ,   .       ,          .   -   .  - ,  : "       ?" 84%   ,     ,     -   ;  3%     ; 6%      .    7%        .

    ,   -    ,      -.     ,       ,       .

       ?

           .  ,            .  ,    ,      -           .              -     ,                ( , 1982).              .

            ,    ,          "", "  ", "", " " ,   . : " ,    ,       ,    ".

                ,   ,     .      , .    .         .  ,   , -      . -   ,        , 1982).              - .  ,        ,        .          ,        -     ,   ,                     .

     : "        .      ,     ,    ".                   .

             -    ,       .           ,            .            ,      ,  ,      ,             .

  ,  ""           ""  "-"        ,    "".      : "   ,      ".

                          ,            .                 "  ,    ?"  : " ".        ,    1984      - .  

4.      ?

           .                   ,       .       , , ,   .    ,   -     ,       "     ".  ,   ,                 ,          . 

                   ,         .                ,  ,             ,      .                   .  ,      ,    - ,     ,  ,       ,          .

           ,   ,     ,        -     -     .

 1986, 

:

1.  , ., "    ", ."3", 1982, . 11 
2. , .., "    ", . " ", 1982, .11
3. , ., "   ", ."3" 1981, .4
4. , .,      , . "", 1986, .1  2

II.   ,    


1.    
1.1.   ?
    .  (     )     20   -   ,    . 

     ,    -   (,  , 1983).             .    ,          .     ,      -  .

 ,  80-90 %         .           (homo optikus).           homo sapiens   " ".         .

        ,                          - , , , , ,   .

1.2.     ? 
              ,    : "     !", "    ", "   ?", "-   !!!".  ,   ,           -       .

2.  

2.1.    
      ,     .              (, 1978).                ,         ,         .

2.2.   ? 
     ,        ,              .  .     (",  ")      !            ,             .          ,        ,           /, 1984/.

    ,  .
   (   "")    ,   ,     ,   -,    .      ,       .             .

 ,             ,   -     ,  -     .         .      ,       .         .

      .          ,      ,     ,        .      ,   -    ,     ,        -,   -  .  ,          :    ,   ,    ..

3.  

",       ,    ", ( - , 1986).
               -  ,             ,            .    -      :

1.         .
2.     -   ,     ,     ,               .
3.     - (",    ")    .
4.                .

     ,      ,      :

1.     -    ,     ,     .
2.      -          ,     ,      (, 1988)

          .   ,    ,   .           ,                 (, 1979),   ,     .  ,            ,    ,       .               ,       ,      .   //         ,         .

             ,    (, 1974),     .        ,      , ,   .          ,      ,     ,           ,  ,          .               -   .    ,                    ,      ,   ,          ,   .

       ,              .          ,      "  " (, 1981),  - "    ,    ",           "", "", " ".             -,    .             "".

                   ,     ,       .

 ,    - ,       ,              .    -,        -     ,    (, 1978).  ,        . ,    ,      ,          ,     -       - . 

  , ,       ,  ,     :        ,       ;   -       ;   -           ..              . , ""      -     -    ,                    .

 1986, 

:

1. , ., "    ", . " ", 1983, .4  5
2. , ., " -  ", "  ", , 1984
3. , ., "     ", "  ", , 1974
4. , ., "   ", "  ", , 1981
5.  - , ..,  " -  ", . " ",  1986, . 4  
6. , X., "  ", . " ", 1978, . 10 
7. , X., "  ", "  ", , 1978
8. , ., "    ", . "", 1985, . 1  2

III.     


1.     

         ?   ?  ,       ,     .               (, 1981).       ,                   .

    1983 . -     .    400 ,         .   ,     ,      ,    ,         .

               ,    .          ,     .        .  ,   ,  ,      -  ,         -  : "         ".

  - ,     ,   .    : ",  ."  ? "  -  , -   ()   ,      .". " -    , -      ,       ."  : ",     ." ",         ,     " -   . "! -  ,    -           ".     - :

" ,    ...        " -     . ",      80%     " -    .  -       " ".   , ,    : "    ,       ."    : "     ,  ,    ,   ."          . "   - -  , -     ,   .   : , , ".

     ,        "", "", ""... ... "    ,"  "...    ",  "...            ."   ",    " -   .

   ,      " ", "", "". "  -    , -    ."    : "     ."

         . ", ... " -  24- .       "-   ,        -  ".   - , : "    -."    ,      -    , : "   -   ,       -,    ,      -    ." 

    : " -,   -" -   ; " -  " -   ; " ,      " -        .

      ?   ,        ?


2.    

        ,                  .

     ,                 :

- "     ,  ,    ,   ."

- "...  ,    ."

     : "        ,  ...".   ,          -   . -  : ...   ; ...    ; ...   ; ...  ; ...     ,  ; ...  ; ...  ; ."

    -         -   .         .  ,        - ,        ,   ,     .        ,     ,      -  (  , 1984).

            , ,    "...       ,    ...;  ...;          ".  ,               -   /  /    /  /,     "  ",   ""   70  90%    ""  (  , 1984).     : "...     ".       (HOMO OPTIKUS),       80  90%     ,      ,       ,         .

      ,          ,   "", ,        ,     .      -      ,        .             ,  -           .

3.    

  ,     ,        -    .  : " ,      ?" - /  / : " "  ",  ,       ".

,   ,  : , , , , , ...,   : , , , .     : ",   "  " ".

 : ", ,     "",    , , , ",   .  ,           ,     3500        ( 1984 .)  - .         "",       ( 1984 .)        .    ,                   .

    ""      , ,          .     / 1984 ./,       .         ,   ?     ,     (,    .)       . -        ,              . 

4.   

  ,      ,   -         -      -   , ,   .               ,     -      - :

1.     ,               ,   ,   ,         .  -   -            .    ,                .            -  .

2.          .  ,            -  / /      .                   , ,         .                  .

3.        /, , /      ,     .                 .

4.       ,        ,    ,     .  ,          ,                 ,    ,                   .         ,       ,           /, 1984/.

                 .           ,                         .

 1984, 

:

1. , ., " -  ", "  ", , 1984 
2. , .,  , ., "  ", . " ", 1984, . 
3. , ., "   ", . "", 1981, .4

IV.    

1.   

      ,    ,      , ""    .   ,       ,         .    - "       ".

"    ,  ,    ,    ,  .       ".

   (1983)                , (, 1985),            ,                .    ,      -    ,      ,        . 

2. 

   : "  ,     ?",       .   80           " " (1983 .). 

   : "    ?"  23-    " ",         (1984 .).

3. 

       : ",       ,  ,  ,   ,     ,  ,         ."

"     -,      ,         .   //,      ."

"        ,            ."

  , -   : " ", ", , ,  ";  : ", , , "; : "       , , ", "       ";  : ", ,      "; : "  ,      ."

       ,         /      1975.         - . 11,       ,     N25/01.02.1965.           /,             .          0.00  0.03        5  10   o  /   -  /.       .     ,   ,   ,      0.00  ,            ,   ,       0.01  0.03,          .   -   "".

   : "    ?"        ,     ,  ,        ,        ,  ,                -      - .

4.  

 ,              ,       /    /.   ,            .     ,   ,     ""         ..  -         .

    ,              ,     ,          /     ,     ./,   .         -              .         ,    ""             ,        "".                 ,     (,  , 1986).          .

     ,              ,   -    ,     ,                   . ,      ,      /    /,     ,        ,      " "         .


 1989, 

:
1. " 36     ", "  ", , 1995
2. , ., "     ", . "3", 1986, . 1  2
3. , ., "    ", . "", 1985, . 1  2





V.     


1.    ?

        ,        .  36 ,   ,    , ,   ,   ( , 1982). 

    : "  -  -            ,         "" .    "",        !?"
          . -   X  Y,  -  A  B,   .       ,        .           , -   .

     : "      .    ,          ,          .       ,     . ,      -   ...    ,         .

 ,        -  -    ,   ,     .        -  "  "    . . "" (, 1982).

-       ,        ,            .   ,                .  ,  : "       !".

       ,  ""                 "",         .              "  "     .

    ?      ?     ?      ?         ,    .. " ".

           ,        ,   ,    - .

    ,            "" ,            ,                    ,   ""   (, 1982).

2.   

  ,    ,    :
.   -       ,       ,        ;
.   -    " ";
.    ;
.     -            ;
.          :
.      (  ),        ,           .

3.   
    ,    ,  " "    "       .                .            ,              .        (, 1972)          .       ,      ,        .           ,        ". 

       " "          ,     -  , , , ,  ,    .     ,        .   ,       " ".

.   .       -     " "        .   (. , . , . ) ,  -       .  ()   ,    ""  ""      .

    " " -      Emory Bogardus,     "     ,       -   ,      (Bogardus, 1928).             ,     .     .        "",    .    ?   20-     .   "  ",     "  ".   ""    "" ...               .

         Mirra         ,      "       ,          ".

                   .  ,             ,  , ,  ,   . ,      ,       , , , ,    ..  ,        . ,   ,  -,        ,   .

 ""            .     "" (), ""  "". -           .   3 :  (),    ().    ,     ,   ,            .        ,       ??? 

    "",    ""  "",              ,         ,       (, 1982).        -  -    .

4.  

" ,    , .  ,  ,  ,    ."  

                 ,      - ,     .

      (1950)      3  :
. " ";
. " ";
. " ".

            ,      .

    ( )        ,                   .           .     ,      -   ,   . 

   - .       ,          .          -      ,     (, 1950).       .  ,         - ,   1984 .   400 ,    : "   ...".        .   

      ,           .             ,           ,  ,                (, 1986).                 . 

                    ,           ,           (, 1986).        ,     "  "    - .                       ,             .                 "  ,    ?"  : " ".       ,    1984       .

       .  ( ),   7%     ,        ( , 1982).                      ,     -,        .  

5.      

    "     "          .          7  ,    ,    .  ,  ,     ,          "     "  . 

   ,         -   :
.           -    "  , ", "    ",    ", , ",     ", , ".     "   ..."    -  .  
.             : " ", " ", " ", " ", "   ", "   ", "   " , "        ,      ". ", "   ,       ".

   ,  -,    , .     ,    ,        , , ,    .

  ,                    .         -               ,            (,1985).

6.      

   -         .           ,        , ,  , ,   ..                   .           .   ,         .         ,            - .             .

             - ,  ,   ..           .             ,     -      .

   ,       ,       "   ".          "  "    "  ",  "-"   " - ",  ..      ,     ,   ""   " "      " ",   "  ",  "-", "- ", "-".     "         ".     "",   " ".

  ,  "   "         - "    "   "    ".       " ",   -    ".

7.          

  ,     ,           ,             .       -   ,       (, 1999),     -    . " ,          ,     ." (, 1999).   ,    -           -    .      ,       ,        .   ,            ,         ,        .             ,           . ,  -             .

    "      " (      )    "         ", "   "               : "     ?", "    ?", "  ?", "    ?".                ,    ,   .       ,                        .  -             ,    . 

                                 .      ,   ,                   .

 2006,   
:


1.  , ., "    ", ."3", 1982, . 11 
2. , .., "    ", . " ", 1982, .11
3. , ., "   ", ."3" 1981, .4
4. , .,      , . "", 1986, .1  2
5. , ., "   ", , 1999
6.   , "  ", , 1989 
7. , ., "    ", . "", 1985, . 1  2
8. Bogardus, Em., "Immigration and Race Attitudes", Boston, 1928

 

 



I.  
     


1.       

1.1.       .
      ,       80-90%      (, 1985),     .                  - , , , , .                    ,    : "    !", "    ", "   ", "-   ".  ,   ,     ,      -       (, 1988)

1.2.   . 
      ,     .               (, 1978).                        ,         .

     ,        ,              .            ,             .          ,       ,           /, 1984/.

    ,  .    (   "")    ,   ,     ,   -,    .      ,       .             .
 ,             ,   -     ,  -     .         .   ,         .

      .          ,      ,     ,        .    ,   -    ,     ,        -,   - -  .  ,         , :    ,   ,    ..

1.3.     .
",       ,    " ( - , 1986).
 ,              "" -   ,             ,            .    -      :

1.        .
2.    ""    ,     ,     ,               .
3.     ""     .
4.             ,     .

   ,      ,      :

1.     -    ,     ,     ;
2.     ,            ,     ,      (, 1988). 
          .   ,       .           ,              "  " (),   ,     .                  ,       .               ,       ,      .   ()         ,         .

     , :       ,    (, 1974),     .        ,      , ,   .          ,      ,     ,             ,          .               -   .    ,                    ,      ,   ,          ,   .

       ,             .          ,      "  " (, 1981),  "    ,    ",           , ,  .             ,    .    -            "".

                   ,     ,      .  ,    - ,     ,              .    -,       ,     ,    (, 1978).  ,        . ,    ,      ,          ,     -       - .

  , ,   ,    ,  ,     :        ,       ,   -       ,   -           ..              .    ""   -     -    ,                    .
"   -           -             " (, 1986).          () - ,           ,        .          ,             ,     ,        ,       .

2.        

2.1.       .
 -  "                   " (, 1975).

   ,               (,   .),                 .                     . 

                 ,            ,     .  ,                               ,           ,          . , ,      .    ,    ,     (, 1975).

2.2.       .
 -    ,      ,  -,         , , . ,   ,          .

2.3.    
              : , ,   ,    ,    -        .

2.4.        
                      () -                 .            ,      ,        .  ,                       .

2.5.   
" -              " (, 1975)
                 .                            .

              ,         .

2.6.          .
         (-  - , ,   .)          ,     .    ,    ,      ,                     .

"    ,              " (, 1996)           .

.., 57-  , ... I       ,     .            25.09.1993 .         ,    .      ..    .       ..         :   ,    ..   - ,               .          ,            ..    1/2     .

..  72-  , ,    ,        .               1986 .  27  1986 .
         ,    .                 .          .          ,           . 

..  47-  . ,   ,         .      .       ,         .   ..            -       .

.., 32-  . ,   ,               .            ,        .   1996 .          - .         ..           " "     ,      .     ..    ,           .       ,          .

.., 52-  ,   ,         .      .         ,      .                     .    ..             .

         -      ( - )        ,                  - ,      -      -.

 1997, 

:

1. , ., " -  ", "  ", , 1984

2. , ., "   ", . "", 1975, 
. 10, 11  12 

3. , ., "         ", " " (), , , 1986

4. , ., "  , ,  ", .      , . 1, 1988


II.           


1. , ,  

               4-   - , ,   . 
    (1977): "...                  ".          -          -      ,  -         // - .
                       .               ,         ,        .      ,     . 

2.  

          ,         ,         ,              ,    ,       .      :

1.       -,    . ,     4  5-,          1-2 .
2.    ,   ,        .

                 .                        ()        . 

3.   

  ,       (, , )      .       :
1.     ,      -         .
2.     .
     ,           ,        ,         ,   , -  - .

4.     

              ,             .                . 

:    .. - 66 .,    ,    4-     :         ,      ,        . 

  .. - 72-  ,           ,   ,     -18 . 

   . . - 66-  , :        ,         .    2 . 

. . - 62-,  ,  23-   :    ,    ,      ,     . 

      -  2-3  ,     ,     -.       -  -         .

5.  

                 :

1.     -        -  -    1   8 ,  -   1  4 .
2.  -           (, ). 
, 70-   -     50-.
3.  -          (, 1977).
4.  -       .
5. -        .
6.          (         ).
7. -       ,         -       .

6.  

             -       -             ,      -   ,    - .  ,              .

           ,     ,  .      - ,     .          ,         ,      .

  -    ,         , -    ,     ""                    ,        ,       . 

7.    

 ,        :
1.               -   ,   ,   ,   ;
2.      ,     (, 1977).    - : "   ,        ,    ".

                ,      ,   ,    .      ,       (    ),     .

8.       

        ,       ,            (,   .).     -                .   ,                         .                           ()   .
        ,         ,     ,        ,       , : 

1.      .
2.      .
3.       .
4.       ,     ( ,  ,  ,     .).
5.     .
6.               .
7.              .
8.      .
9.       .
10.     .
11.    ( ).
12.       !

9. 

       -                     ,      - .       ,     -               .


:

lansbol, K. "Conference elementary rehabilitation", Roterdam, Holand, 1977.



III.              


1.   

 ,   ,                 ,    ,     .             ,      ,          . 

  -,   ,      -        .               - ,   .

           - ,    .       .                  ,  -  ,      ,  ,    -                            .

2.    

            -      ().   ,    ,     -      ,           ,           .       ,       .  ,       ,                 -.        ,              .        ,        - .         (    )  -            "",     -   ,     ,           - ,                ,  ,  .,             ,           . 

3.     

  ,       ,        - .     -                 ,             .     ,        .    ,     26 ,  ,               ,       ,     ,  ,      .            ,           .      :              ,             .           ,  ,     ,    . 

4.       

    "  "     ,        .                               .   
                                    . 

      " "                 .
              " "      ,    90-     . 

        " "         /  /  .           .                  " 6".

             " ",            ,   -           -    .

5.  ". . "
          ".  "  -   "".          .              "".   

                 . ...  .

  ,              ,         .

6.    

  ,     -   ,          ,     .              ,        ,       .

7.     

     ,         -     .            ,           .          ,      . 

                  ,  ,    -   ,          . 

 -        :  ""           ,    -    ,         ,        .

               .              -   .           "" -    "" - .

8.  

     ,       - ,         .          ,  .

       ,                 ,   ,       .

             .              " ",                 ,               .

9.   

           ,    -           ,           .      ,     "",              .
        /   /    .

               .             

10.    

          (     ),   ,     -   .                   -    ,       .

 -                     ,           ,    .   ,    ,     ,             .

 1991, 


IV.       


 1978   1979                        .                .                 ().                   -  ,     .

            21  23  1980 .                  .                    . 

             ,             -  .

  9 ,                     .
    ",     () "                     .             ,         .   ,                      ,  ,        ,         2  .                      .                        .           .

          .    ,     ,  118             ,        ,          .

        "          ",   -    .           ,    ,       .

                        .           .
       ,          ,          .              -   .

                 .    ,       ,                        .                 .
           ,   .             .     ,    ,      .
"      "     .                ,
           ,          .       "  ". 

 1980    75-     .           .

        ,     .       250     ,   40,       .     600 .    ,    ,   - ,   ,    ,    .    

      -, , , , , ,         .           - .

            -        .       ,      - .

           1971 ,              ,        .   

           16 .  ,    ,           ,       .

          ,  -           .        ,    , , ,    ,   ,        . 

    ,          ,       ,     .                     " "    .        ,   ,    ,                 .        .

         "75        ".     ,                             .

 1983, 








 

  



I.        -   


1.   

 1978 .                         .      ,  1975 .               ,  ,         .                      ,               -      ,        . 

      " " -  .            : 
1.   () ; 
2.      : 
3.    : 
4.    ; 
5.  .

               .

    -  15  26  1979 .,          ,     "  ",              .        ,    .                   ,      -   .           ,    -  .          -        ,   -       "",    -       .                          .                  .

      "  "      ,            .           .   ,     -               , -   .   

   :
/                ;
/               .

2.    

             13          : 99     ,   14    .

     IX  ,         .    : 
/           ;     
/       ,          .

3.   

         ,               ,        ,  :
1.        ,     ,         .
2.                .
3.            ,       .            -          ,      .

              .   VIII       ,       ,     .   ,   ,      .

             .   ,        ,    .             :         ..,  26              ,    .. - 23         .              5-6 ,     ,        .              ,       .

4. ,    

 ,   .    (1988) ,   29  ,     , , ,    ,  7  /24,14 %/      ;  4  /13,79 %/            -  2 .    15 /51,72 %/,         -  13  26                       .       2, 11     3-5         - 5 .    ,          .

             .     VIII       3  /13  /,                      .    ,            () ,      2-3 .        -    -  .        ,          3         .               ,         .     ,  , ,              .                  .

5.  

          1       .    6  - 3    3  ,     .             ,       3- .

6.    

           10-13-   ,                        -   .   -              .
   
                  4 .

     ,         .           -     .     1980 .      "    "   ,      ,           .

                      .   

         -      .       ,                10-    ,     .             ,                  .            ,                 .

  1

 
  
       
      
I
15.01.-26.01.79.
3
3
II
14.05.-24.05.79.
5
1
III
26.10.-31.10.81.
6
-
IV
31.05.-06.06.82.
8
-
V
20.06.-03.07.83.
4
3
VI
04.06.-15.06.84.
5
1
VII
18.06.-29.06.84.
3
3
VIII
16.06.-29.06.86.
2
3
IX
01.04.-14.04.87.
9
-
X
16.04.-29.04.87.
14
-
XI
04.01.-18.01.88.
9
-
XII
03.05.-17.05.88.
10
-
XIII
11.09.-24.09.89.
7
-

  2
   
0
1
2
3-5
6-10
11-15
16-20
 20
  
7
4
4
11
2
-
-
1

 1989, 


II.         


1.   :
1.1.  .
                 .           ,              .

1.2.        
    . ,     20   -   ,    .      ,    -   (,  , 1983).              .  (, ,  -    ),    ,        -  .  ,  80-90%                    ().    ,    " ".                    - , , , , ,   . 

1.3.            .
     /  /,       ,        -            .      -   ,      .         ,        .  ,   ,           ,    , -,  ,   /sonyguide/      .

1.4.           .

             ,   - :
/     -      ,      
/  ,      ,    - 
/       ,      ,   -         .
/            ,        .

1.5.            

    -  ,          ,          ,         .

2.    

     -          / ,                     /,     ,      -  - .

2.1.  .
 ,          ,           ,     ,        , , , , ,               ,       .        :   ,         ;         /   -      " "       /;        ;       ;           ;         .                      ,     ,      .       ,        ( 50000 ),       .           .         ,     ,  ,    -                 ,            .           :  ;        ;     .

2.2.  .
      :        ;       ;         ,          ,       - .          ,        ,     ,      ,  .

              ,    ,           .                ,      . 
                  ,                     . 

3.        

3.1.  .
         ,   ,        ,               .   /   /                  ,        .   ,           ,       .           ,      ( ""   ),           .

3.2.  . 
         ,  -      ,    ,    ""   ,    ,      ,     .
 
   ,          ,          .       -        ,       ,      .           . 

                            -  , ,   .   ,  ,     ,         - ,     ,   .         ,         .                      . 

        ,       .

4.              

       ,    ,     ,                                .    1995 .  "  ,      "           ,         .

4.1.    . 
          ,              ,           .   ,    ,   ,     ,    .

4.2.   .
 ,     -,    ,     ,      ,             ,   ,  ,               ,  .                 .

4.3.      .
                                         .

4.4.   . 
        ,          ,                    ,       -      - .                 .                  .      .
	
                   ,          .  ,              ,    .  - ,          ,      ,        .            .   ,       ,              .

4.5.   .
      ,  -                     .

     ,       ,       , " "       .


 1999, 

:

, .., "    ", . " ", , 1983, .4  5 





III.        


1.   ?

"     !"    /        /      //   .  ,  ,            -    ,   ,   ,         !          ,         (, 1985)...                  ,          (, 1996).

 ,          .                 (, 1986). 

          .   ""  ,  -   !             / /   !       ,      ,  . ,                 .            -             .

2.      ?

 1930      ""       ,     -      ,    .   1931 .      . 

  ,          -  (),      ,             .

3.    

 1943 .    ()                   .               ,          -                 .

                        ,        .        ,            !

     .         ,                    - "  ". 

                      ,     ,        .                  -         .            ()    .

4.    

     ?        ?

   ,   -     25 .          ,       -     .  ,          ,              - .   ,             .

      :   .         , :
1. -              ,           ;
2.  ,      ,  -                     ;
3.  -      ,       (   .);
4.       -,   - ,   -   ;
5.     -     -    ,        ,       -  ,  .

5.      ?

    ,  -            ,           .   20           ,     .        ,               -,   . , , - ,  -         -    , ,         ,      ,    - ,     ,    .
	
6.      !!!

     -  ,        ,   ,   -,         .           -        .       ,    - (      ),  -           () .     ,             "" () -      "".

7.     ???

 ,       - ,        -    ,    .            .

   "       ",         ."3"      ", 1981).                  .    ,  70        57                             ,      ,    .?        ?

8.   ? 

                      ?

        ,    ,     ,      .     "" -       ,       ,          .        ()       .            ,                    .    -          ,    -    ,  -     .         -      130 .          ,       -  - 135  140    - .  ,          -    180-190 . 

,      ,          .                    - . 

    ,                      .             ,     /    /       "  "     .      ,        /  /        .

 ,   -   ,    ,                    .          ,    .


 2000, 

:

1. , ., "  ",  ". . ", , 1985
2. , ., "    ", . "", 1986, . 1 
3. , ., "    :, . "", 1981, . 5
4. , ., "    ", . " ", 1996, . 11

IV.       !


      ! !   ...  ,  ,  ,          ...  ?

 

  !
"     !" -    /        /      //   .   / /           ! 

   ,   ,   ,         !          ,         (, 1985).                  ,          (, 1996)!

 ,            .               .

         ,   ""  ,  -   !             / /   !       ,      ,  . ,                 .            -              (, 2000).

     ?
 1930      ""       ,     -      ,    .   1931 .      .   ,          - ,      ,              (, 2000).

   ?
 1943 .    //                   .       ,       ,          -                 .

                    ,  ,       .

               ,                   .                       ,          .

    
         ,        -         .               .

     ?        ?

   ,   -     25 .          ,       -     .  ,          ,             - .    ,             .
      :   ,       , :
- -                         ;
-  ,      ,  -                     ;
-  -       ,       /,   ./;
-        -   -    -   ;
-     -     -            ,       -  ,   (, 2000).

 

,     ,     ,          .

  ,        /  /,      -  .    ,     ,       ,             .             ,     .           - : " ", "  ".

      ,    - .    ,     . -     ,    ,    .             ,        .              ,         .       ,         .         .           ,   .    ,           .   ,         ,       ,     .

                  ,    .      .     ,     ,     ,       ,    .  ,    ,       .

"   " -            ,   ,       ", "     -   ,       - .    ,     ,      .             ,        ,     ,    .               ,           ""   ,     .   ,  ,    ,    ,                      .    : "    ?",            ,               .

          ,            ,     ,       .        ,          . ,  ,  ,     ,      .    ,    ,          ,      .               " ",     ""          . ,    ,        ! /4/ 

    

          ,  -   ,    .  ,         ,                .     ,  -          ,                ,   -  - , ,   . .
         ,         ,      .                , , .                  ,  ,     - .      ,    ,        ,      ,        .            :        ,         ,        .                  -,      .

 -

          .  ,          . -   - "   -  " -     .

  
 
  ,       70-        .             3    .   ,    (    , -  ,      ),            .     ,   ,   -,      - -.        : "", "", "".           -        -    ,   -  ,    ,    .          ,  - ,          .   -         ,      .
   "SENSORY 6"          ""     0.3  2,   ( )  0.3   3.5 .

                     .

 2002, 

:

1. , ., "  ",  ". . ", , 1985
2. 2. , ., "    ", . "", 1986, . 1  2
3. , .,"       ", . "", 2000, .4 
4. , ., "    ", . " ", . 11 





V.    -  


  .    . 
-   ? - . 
        :
-       ? 
-  . -.

              .        ,        .

 27  1983       -      (    )    -  .       -        .

-      .           ,         .          .         ,    ,      .        ,    .

         "" (1813)  ,    1780 .       ,     .  1019 . -   "    " -  ,         ,                   .

      ,       ( ,   .),         ,         -   .

   -     60             ,      .  20-           -.            ,   .     20    -  .       ,   . -        :  () ,   (),  , -   . ,       ,      :      -  60   ,               ;       ,         .  -    8-10 . -      , , ,     ,       ,       (  ,    ,   .),    ,           -    .        ,          .      ,   ,  -  ,        .  ,          .

-  -  ,        ,     ,       .  ,     , ,   ,       ,    ,      - , ,   .

      .            .           .               .     5,    3    . 1/1       -   .     1960 .        1800 . -   10-  ,               .
      ,      ,          ,       ,  "  "        -  ,      - ,          , ,        ,       .            ,  .    -   : "!", "   !".   3-4 .            -  "" -    .      , -      ,     ,       .

     ,                  .   ,        ,     .         .      ,      ( 2-3 ),   .    ,    ,          -  .         .        ,       .  ""  ,    ,           .         -  -        .      -  15   (  ).                .

             ,      .        .         ,    :  ,     ,          ;    ,  ,        .                  .

      -         ,   100%     .      ,          .            -                       -    .                                           
        
 1983, 

VI.   "     "

"             .                               .         ,     .         .       ,       ,         .  "" .           ,        ,    ,  -  .       ,     ,       ,      .          .         ,       .    ,            ,  -         ,     .        ,      ,        ,              ,          ,           ." 

        "     "    ,   -     .
	
          1981             .         -     ,   -             ,  (   ) -     ,   ,        -  .        ,  ,   ,     ,     - .                       . 
	
"     "       .         -     10  !              ,        .
	
         :
1.   "     ",     ,                    . "" -  1976 ., . 11  12     1977 ., .1.       ,           ,               .    ,              .  1983 .    "Ligilo"      ,    ,    "     "          . 
2. "     " -         .    ,     ,            -  ,     -       .
	
          ,   ."",    .                 .
	
               ,         ,        .     70 %       " ".   "     "   10 %         -   " ". 

 "     "           ,         .         ,        : "   ", "  ", "    "  "   ". 

  1982-1999 .             ( - )         (),          :   ,   , ,     .
	
 2000        ,        ,       ,     "  "   " ".  ,              ,            ,      .             2000  2002 .,     -    .     "  "       ,                 .
	
   2006    25         ,                   .  ,          ,     .  ,      "     "           ,   -          -  -   .

 2007, 


VII. 15  - 
        


                    .  1980     15       .              .

          ,         .              ,     -          .  ,   ,                 -   -         .                            .              .             ,    ,          .

,        ,    .        -      ,       .  -  ,        ,        ,    - .                  ,    .     ,                        .

  15                          ,   .            ,         .  ,        .      ,        ,          -                ,                    .                        ,                         .             ,             ,                         i    -    .

              ,          ,         .

                                                  .    15                      .                                           .       15    ,  "",     -                   ,    " " -    .  18        .  14                  ""     -     "  ".             ,    .

                      .

 1980, 

 

   



I.             


1.  :

1.1.   
1.1.1.     
 ,                         (, 1985),           (, 1996).   ,   "  ",               .        ,   -  ,     -  .               (, 1996).

   /    /     -  -          .

       :
		1.    
		2.     
		3.       -   / /
1.1.2.         
      ,              ,                    , ,    /, 1989/.

1.2.        
     ,                 .       -  7 ,           .                   .    ,    ,    ,        ,      ..  . 

	
2.     //

    .  1905.,         ,           ,    .   -        ,                 , ,     .           ,           .            .            //        //     .

         -        -       - ,       ()       .         ,        1924          (, 1931),   ""       -   1947.,     -        (, 2000).

3.    

                            07  1930.          . "" N 53  .   / , 1931/.                .        .

4. -    "" 

  1937.,    25          ,       .  -         ( ),       .         .       2            ,    .            .              :     /  /,     , , , , ,  ,          .         -  8  12     2  6  .  -             - 3  7 .  -,         :  "" / /, , ,   .       30           .            ,            . 

        .    -      ,      . 

            ( ) . .   . "     !       !" -     .

                ,         ,    .          ,    ,        .

              .  (, 2002).

5.   

 1945.                       .            .      ,            -   ,       - -    .           .                 /   /,       1955.       //       (, 2000).

6.  "" - 

 1948.  .                  .         16  45 .      ""     -   - .          -        .                        ,        ,   . "    -     , -    ,         ."

      2 .                  ""    (, 2000).

7.     

    1955.                , ,    .    .                 , -   ,   ,  "".        6       -     -         ,      .

     -           ,    .    -               .

                          ""            /, 1990/.

8. -    ()

 ,         ,                 .

                ,   -.                 -  " " -  .  ,       ,          .
-             (, 2000).
	
9.       -   

9.1.    
     17  1966         ,         .     ,                 ,            . 

         . -      -     "".              ,  -   .                  .

      "" - ,            ,    ,    -     ,            .             ,       ,     .

         .           .          ,          .

    ,                  .          .      ,   90 %       ,  ,        .
          90-          .

9.2.      - 1977.
 1977.        ,                      7    - 5   2     "  ".             - ,     "  " (, 1992).     ,     -       .                 .           .     6 .                ,          .             "".   ,      ,                  .  ,       -       ""   -     -     ,           .

9.3.     
      ""    2003.           .              .    2004.         .      2004       " -    ",       6  ,  ,              . 

10. ""  - 

 1992.     ,           "" .                -     .                  .    ( )          ,                .                    ,    "" ..   ,           ""  -      -           1993.        ,                  . 

11.  "" - 

 1995.   ""    ,    "" - ,            .                   -    ,        .      ,      .    ,    ,            .  1998.              . 

12.  "" - 

 2001 - 2002.       " "      "    "   " ".    ,        .   12     ,     .      4 .       ,                .

 ,                         .           .
	 
13. -        

     60-                  .  ,      ,     ,       ,       .    ,    , ,                 ,  ,   ,               .                -          " ",  -       (-   )         , , ,      .,       .                  ,              . 

 2004, 

:

1. . - , ., "  ",  "  ", , 1985
2. , ., "   ", . "", 1992, . 9    
3. , ., " ",     , , 1990
4. , ., "    ",    , , 1931  
5. , ."    ",    , , 1931
6. , . "     ", "      -  ",  "  ", , 2000
7. , ., "     ", ."", 2002, .2  3
8. , ., "  ", . "", 1989
9. , ., "    ", . ,1996. . 11	

II.      

	
1.:

1.1.  
     ,         .       ,        .
	
 , -           1944-1989.

1.2.   
    -         - .           ,     ,         .   ,        ,     .                  ,     .   ,     //   ,          .

2.    

2.1.    
 ,                         /, 1985/,            /, 1996/.   ,    "  ",               .        ,   -  ,     -  .               (, 1996).

  /    /     - -         .

       :
		1.    
		2.     
		3.       -   / /

2.2.           - 
2.2.1.   
     ,              ,                    , ,    (, 1989).

3.        1905  	

3.1.  1905  1944 .
3.1.1.         //
    .  1905.,         ,           ,    .   -        ,                  , , ,       .          . ,           .            .          , , ,   .     ,              -      -  .            //        //     .

         -        -       - ,     ))       .           20- ,        1924.         /, 1931/,     -       .

3.1.2.   -     ""
  1938.,    25          ,       .       2             ,    .              :     /  /,     , , , , ,  ,     .  -,         :  "" / /, , ,   .

                ,         ,    .          ,    ,        .

              . .

3.1.3.     
                            07  1930.        . "" N 53  .  / , 1931/.                .        .

3.2.  1945  1975 .
3.2.1.     
 1945.                    .            .      ,             -    ,       - -    .           .                 - , ,   .                 /   /,       1955.           .                 .
3.2.2.    "" - 
 1948.        ()             .         .   ""      -   .         -        .                .

    2 .                  "".

3.2.3.        
    1955.                , ,    .    .                 , -   ,   ,  "".        6       -     -         ,      .

     -           ,    .    -                .

                          ""           .

                       ""  ,        , , , ,   .

3.2.4.    
 ,         ,                .

                   -.  ,       ,          .

-            .

3.2.5.   
         , -    -  ,         .          ,   ,         .           -  ,      .     ,        ,      .

3.3.  -   70-     	
3.3.1.     
   70-                    .       "   " / 1972./   .  ,               .  1971.                 ,     .

     " ",             ,           ,              .   -           .  1975.        " "                          . .

       ,    ,  ,    " "      ,           .

3.3.2.        - 
3.3.2.1.      - 1977.
 1977.        ,                       "  ".      7    - 5    2  .              - ,     "  ".     ,     -       .                   .           .       6                 ,          .             "".   ,      ,                  .  ,       -       ""   -    -     ,           .

3.3.2.2.   - 1981.
 1981.       ,             -                  .   2   3  .           .   -    .      .

                          ,            .                        ,          . 

3.3.3.       
3.3.3.1.           
  -,             .         ,            ,  ,             .  ,                               ,                  /  /.     ,           .

3.3.3.2.      
  ,         ,       - , -    - ,     -    "" - ,          .        ,              ,     -.

3.3.3.3.      ,      
                 ,     .   ,            -  .             .    ,          ,      , ,   ,       . -      , , , , , , , ,   ,  ,   .

           ,              , , .

                     ,     ,       ,    ,            .

4. 

         ,              ,        .             /   50-100 /,  ,    . .           -     .  , "   " ,                      -    .  ,                 ,   .     -          .

                   .

 17  1996.      ,         ,        ,                  :       ;   ;    ;    . -   :

I.        
1.     ,  ,   ,    /  /.
2.          /  /.
3.   . 
4.     . 
5.  -    ,       . 
6.   -    ,     .
7.  -  .
8.    /   /    .
9.    -   .
10.   ,   ,     .
11. -  .
12..
13.       .
14.     .
15.-, -.

        ,          .

II.   :
 1. .
 2..
 3..
 4.    .
 5.  .
 6.  .  .
 7..
 8. .
 9. .
10..
11. .
12..
13.:      -,   , ,   ,     .
14.   //.
15.     ,  , ,   .
16.  .
17..
18.   - , .
19. .
 
III.    : 
1.   : , , .
2.  ,        .
3.  .
4.  .
5..
 
IV.    :   
 1. .
 2. .
 3.   -    
.
 4. .
 5. .
 6.   .
 7..
 8.   .
 9..

 1996, 

:

1.  - , ., "  ",  "  ", , 1985    
2. , ., " ",     , , 1990  
3. , ., " "  ", .  1992, . 9
4. , ., "    ",    , , 1931
5. , .,     ",    , , 1931
6. , ., "  ", . "", 1989, .
7. , , "    ", . ,1996. . 11	

III.          


 -       -       - ""   .      ,          .         ,         -    .          :   ,              ,     .     ,     .   ,              ,      .

  -          - ,       ,                           .    1995                ,                  .                 ,     -     ,            .

    . " "   " "  , (  ,  ).   ,     1954 ,        1943              .

     70      20   , 20     5-6   . 	
 :
1.  ; 2.       ; 3.      -        .
 
         ,           .            -    ,       .
  
               ,                       .
 
     ,      .          ,     .

            ,   ,       .

        ,            .             ,        .

            .       1015      ,       4-5,        -     ,      (, ,   .).    VIII      -         .

              -            .        , -      ,               .

 ,                    .     .                -   ,     ,      .
        ,   .             -    .
         ,        .

 1995, 





    


  20  1944 .  .  , . .

:
1988-2002 . -         - ; 
1997-1999 . --         ". ";
1996-1997 . -             " " - 
1978-1987 . -          -        - ;
1977-1983 . -       . "";
1969-1972 . -      "" - ;
1961-1968 . - ,      "" - ;
1961 . -    ". " -  .

   :
1994-1995 . -      ".  ";
1973-1977 . -     ".  ",  .
1968-1970 . -      - 

   :
1998-2006 . -          ;
2002 .   -      "  ";
1993-2002 . -    "  " -;
1993 .    -      . "Esperanta fajrero" (" ");
1988 .   -        . "     ";
1986-1990 . -     ;
1985-1990 . -       . "";
1984-1987 . -             - ;
1981-1986 . -      - ;
1968-1970 . -        - ;
1965-1968 . -       "" - .

:
  ,       ,        ,          ,         , , ,  .
   "     " (1981)  "       " (2000);
   "    " (2000), "    -   " (2004), "  " (2004)     " " (2000);
    "      " (2001)  " -     " (2002),          .

Biographic reference about the author 

Born on the 20th of June 1944 in the village of Vasil Levski, Stara Zagora.

Working History: 

1988-2002 - Director of the National Rehabilitation Center for Blind People;
1997-1999 - Associated Professor in "Fundamentals of Visually Impaired People Pedagogy" in Plovdiv University "P. Hilendarski";
1978-1987 - Expert in the Head Office of The Union of the Blind in Bulgaria - Sofia;
1969-1972 - Dose and Metal-press Operator in the Professional Enterprise "USPEH" - Varna;
1961-1968 - Basket-maker and Electro Fitter in the Professional Enterprise "USPEH" - Plovdiv. 

Education, other activities and interests:

1994-1995 - Post Graduate Course in Visually Impaired People Pedagogy in  Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski";
1973-1977 - Master Degree in Psychology, Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski"; 
1993-2002 - Chairman of the Foundation "Rehabilitation of Blind People" - Plovdiv; 
1988 till present -  member of the Editors Body of the Scientific Magazine "Education and Rehabilitation of Visually Impaired".

 
PUBLICATIONS:

Author of articles and reports in the area of psychology, rehabilitation of visually impaired people, history of the Bulgarian organizations of and for blind people, all of them published periodically in Bulgarian, Croatian, Russian and Ukrainian. 

Complier of the leaflets "When You Are with Visually Impaired People" (1981) and "The Available Professions for Visually Impaired and Blind People in Bulgaria" (2000); 

Author of the books "Blind People in the Mirror of Others" (2000); "The Bulgarian Organizations of Blind - Now and Then" (2004); "Rehabilitation of Visually Impaired People" (2007) and co-author of the book "The Guide Dog" (2000). 

 - 

    -   

 21            .  7              14          . 

                    "      "   "  ".                 ,   -    .            ". "    "  ".

      ,        ,    ( )           .             "    " (2000),   -    " " (2000),         . 

     ,              ,   .          ,  -    ,   -    .



